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Avascular necrosis, also known as osteonecrosis, is a condition where bone tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply. This can occur in various bones of the body, but it often affects the hip joint, shoulder joint, knee, and ankle. The lack of blood flow deprives the bone cells of oxygen and nutrients, leading to their death and eventual collapse of the affected bone. Avascular necrosis can be caused by various factors, including trauma, long-term corticosteroid use, excessive alcohol consumption, certain medical conditions like sickle cell disease, and radiation therapy. Symptoms may include joint pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Treatment options depend on the stage and severity of the condition but may include medication to relieve pain, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgical procedures such as core decompression, bone grafting, or joint replacement. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in preventing further damage and preserving joint function.